科学家最新研制出一种比钢铁更坚硬的膨胀材料,可用于建造“肌肉柔韧”却具有超强力量的机器人。
科学家已建造了一种具有肌肉作用的气凝胶,只要充电即可具有超强力量。这种气凝胶比空气轻,具有橡胶一样的伸展性,比钢铁更坚硬。这是一种色带结构的微型中空碳纳米管排列,充电之后在短短几毫秒内,气凝胶的长度即可膨胀至2.2倍。研究人员发表在《科学》杂志中的一项研究报道称,气凝胶薄片可以承受数十倍骨骼肌的压力。一旦它发生伸展之后,该材料将在当前位置被“冷冻成形”。
来自美国达拉斯市德克萨斯州大学的雷·鲍曼(Ray Baughman)博士称,这种固态薄片结构像橡胶,拥有气体的密度和特殊的强度,它的强度可超过钢板。
加拿大不列颠哥伦比亚大学的工程师约翰·马登(John Madden)博士指出,这种材料兼具钻石和橡胶的特性。这种色带结构的气凝胶在“纵向伸展”方向上非常不易弯曲,但是它的横向强度却比纵向强度弱100万倍。
摆在科学家眼前的一个问题是在设计中要求该材料较大的置换性和适应任何等级的力量,马登博士指出,可通过增加色带结构的密度和邻近纤维之间互相连接来解决这一问题。他在《科学》杂志上强调称,当受力增加时,色带结构的气凝胶可作为人造肌肉,我们期望这项技术可用于医学设备、机器人制造,甚至用于人体移植。(生物谷Bioon.com)
生物谷推荐原始出处:
Science 20 March 2009:DOI: 10.1126/science.1168312
Giant-Stroke, Superelastic Carbon Nanotube Aerogel Muscles
Ali E. Aliev, Jiyoung Oh, Mikhail E. Kozlov, Alexander A. Kuznetsov, Shaoli Fang, Alexandre F. Fonseca, Raquel Ovalle, Márcio D. Lima, Mohammad H. Haque, Yuri N. Gartstein, Mei Zhang,* Anvar A. Zakhidov, Ray H. Baughman
Improved electrically powered artificial muscles are needed for generating force, moving objects, and accomplishing work. Carbon nanotube aerogel sheets are the sole component of new artificial muscles that provide giant elongations and elongation rates of 220% and (3.7 x 104)% per second, respectively, at operating temperatures from 80 to 1900 kelvin. These solid-state–fabricated sheets are enthalpic rubbers having gaslike density and specific strength in one direction higher than those of steel plate. Actuation decreases nanotube aerogel density and can be permanently frozen for such device applications as transparent electrodes. Poisson's ratios reach 15, a factor of 30 higher than for conventional rubbers. These giant Poisson's ratios explain the observed opposite sign of width and length actuation and result in rare properties: negative linear compressibility and stretch densification.
The Alan G. MacDiarmid NanoTech Institute, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75083, USA.
* Present address: Department of Industrial Engineering, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA.